Co-benefits Approach

2.Co-benefits climate change mitigation measures and CDM in the air quality management

This matrix classifies examples of outstanding activities involving integrated improvement of air quality management and climate change mitigation (good practices*) by countermeasure and scheme in order to gain an overview of such activities. Using the matrix, we shall seek to identify areas in which priority approaches are required. It is expected that each example of countermeasures appearing in the matrix will serve as a reference, in combination with the “catalog for identificationof Co-benefits projects” and “evaluation tools for calculation of co-benefit,” and be applied to project identification and planning.Good practices” refer to projects or other undertakings (including program-type approaches, such as implementation of a policy or master plan) that have a direct effect in improving air quality . Good practices target regions that were polluted prior to project implementation and/or regions that are expected to become polluted in the future. Criteria for selecting a good practice are “the project demonstrates effects that exceed certain levels in terms of both improvement of problems associated with air pollution, water pollution and waste management and reduction of greenhouse gases(GHG); it is stably implemented; and it is matched to regional conditions and needs.

Blue text (or italic font): Currently not implemented projects to be planned and implemented in the future
Green : Projects/programs that can be studied as co-benefits climate change measures or CDM
Red : Currently implemented projects to be continued into the future
Underlined part : click the underlined part in the matrix to see quick reference of each project

				GHG reduction is main objective		Hybrid	Goal other than GHG reduction is main objective
				CDM		Hybrid-based approaches to CDM and other measures*	Traditional ODA Development projects by developing countries themselves Policy measures, etc.
				CDM	Program CDM	Combination of private business-led CDM (including PoA) and other funds (especially ODA and other public funds)	ODA	Other
				Private sector	Private sector Central government Local government	Private sector Development assistance Public organization Central government Local government	Development assistance Public organization Central government	Central government Local government
M o b i l e e m i s s i o n s o u r c e	Private automobiles		Central government, local government	Diffusion of low-GHG-emitting vehicles	Fuel switching Improved fuel efficiency Diffusion of low-GHG-emitting vehicles	Fuel swithcing Improved fuel efficiency Comprehensive traffic measures Formulation of master plans, etc. Diffusion of low-GHG-emitting vehicles / establishment of infrastructure for low-GHG-emitting vehicles Automobile inspection system Introduction of bus rapid transit [BRT] systems	Maintenance of urban traffic Automobile inspection systems Introduction of vehicle monitoring systems Establishment of infrastructure for low-GHG-emitting vehicles	Automobile inspection systems Promotion of eco-friendly driving Introduction of ITS
M o b i l e e m i s s i o n s o u r c e	Public transportation systems		Central government, local government	Introduction of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems Modal shift Diffusion of low-GHG-emitting vehicles	Fuel switching Improved fuel efficiency Diffusion of low-GHG-emitting vehicles Introduction of bus rapid transit [BRT] systems	Fuel switching Improved fuel efficiency Formulation of master plans, etc. Diffusion of low-GHG-emitting vehicles /establishment of infrastructure for low-GHG-emitting vehicles Automobile inspection systems Introduction of bus rapid transit [BRT] systems	Maintenance of urban traffic Maintenance of inter-city express railways Modal shift Automobile inspection systems Introduction of vehicle monitoring systems Establishment of infrastructure for low-GHG-emitting vehicles	Automobile inspection systems Promotion of eco-friendly driving Introduction of ITS
F i x e d e m i s s i o n s o u r c e	Related to livelihood	Households	Central government, local government	Improved efficiency of district heating and fuel switching Use of bio-briquettes Introduction of improved cooking ovens Introduction of solar cookers	Improved efficiency of district heating and fuel switching Introduction of improved cooking ovens Introduction of solar cookers Bio-briquettes	Formulation of master plans, etc. Fuel switching Introduction of improved cooking ovens Introduction of solar cookers Bio-briquettes	Use of bio-briquettes Introduction of improved cooking ovens Introduction of solar cookers	－
	Related to industry	Comprehensive measures	Central government, local government	Recovery of waste heat from waste incinerators	Improved efficiency and air pollution countermeasures Fuel switching and air pollution countermeasures Shift to energy-saving desulfurizers	Formulation and implementation of master plans [environmental model city project in Guiyang, Dalian, and Chongqing; etc.] Shift to energy-saving desulfurizers	Environmental model city projects	Environmental model city projects
		Boilers	Private sector	Recovery and use of waste heat, fuel replacement Increased high efficiency Replacement or improved efficiency of boilers Fuel switching Process modification	Recovery and use of waste heat, fuel replacement Increased high efficiency Replacement or improved efficiency of boilers Fuel switching Process modification	Fuel switching	Recovery and use of waste heat, fuel switching Increased efficiency Replacement or improved efficiency of boilers Fuel switching	－
		Electricity	Private sector	Improved efficiency Construction of high-efficiency power plants Fuel switching Recovery of coal-mine methane and on-site fuel replacement	Increased power generation efficiency Fuel switching Recovery of coal-mine methane and on-site fuel replacement Use of renewable energy	Improved efficiency Rehabilitation of existing power plants/grids Shift to energy-saving desulfurizers Fuel switching Promotion of use of renewable energy	Rehabilitation of existing power plants/grids Construction of high-efficiency power plants Construction of wind-power and hydropower plants Construction of geothermal power plants	Construction of wind-power and hydropower plants Construction of geothermal power plants
		Iron and steel	Private sector	Introduction of CDQ Fuel switching Recovery of waste heat Use of waste gas	Fuel switching Recovery of waste heat/use of waste heat in power generation High-temperature air combustion Introduction of CDQ Use of waste gas Blast furnace top gas pressure recovery power generation DME manufacturing	Fuel switching Recovery of waste heat/use of waste heat in power generation High-temperature air combustion Introduction of CDQ Use of waste gas Blast furnace top gas pressure recovery power generation DME manufacturing	Introduction of CDQ Fuel switching Recovery of waste heat	－
		Cement manufacturing	Private sector	Substitution of basic ingredients in cement manufacturing (clinker) Recovery of waste heat Biomass substitution in cement plants	Recovery of waste heat/use of waste heat in power generation Fuel switching Substitution of basic ingredients in cement manufacturing [clinker] Biomass substitution in cement plants	Recovery of waste heat/use of waste heat in power generation Fuel switching Substitution of basic ingredients in cement manufacturing [clinker] Biomass substitution in cement plants	Substitution of basic ingredients in cement manufacturing (clinker) Recovery of waste heat Biomass substitution in cement plants	－
		Oil refining Petroleum products manufacturing	Private sector	Reduction of associated gases, fuel switching Recovery and use of waste gas, fuel replacement	Reduction of associated gases, fuel switching Recovery and use of waste gas, fuel replacement Prevention of steam emissions [gasoline, etc.]	Reduction of associated gases, fuel conversion Recovery and use of waste gas, fuel replacement Prevention of steam emissions [gasoline, etc.]	Reduction of associated gases, fuel switching	－
		Paper manufacturing	Private sector	Recovery of exhaust heat Fuel switching Replacement or improved efficiency of boilers Improved efficiency Process modification	Recovery of waste heat/use of waste heat in power generation Fuel switching Replacement or improved efficiency of boilers Improved efficiency Process modification	Recovery of waste heat/use of waste heat in power generation Fuel switching Replacement or improved efficiency of boilers Increased efficiency Process modification	Recovery of waste heat	－
	Other	Forestry and other industries	Central government, local government, private sector	Energy conservation among power consumers Expansion of share of power generation by fossil-derived fuels through use of renewable energy Change of waste gas desulfurizers to energy-saving models	Diffusion of high-efficiency lighting Diffusion of energy-saving products	Afforestation and Reforestation CDM Formulation and implementation of energy-conservation measures, etc	Forest management Diffusion of high-efficiency lighting	Diffusion of high-efficiency lighting

※While, in essence, CDM is a project-based approach, it is expected to be implemented in combination with ODA and other approaches to generate collective effects.
※Items in parentheses are projects that, while not implemented in the past or present, can be envisioned for the future.
※PoA (Program of Activities) is a set of activities undertaken through the CDM host country’s policies and measures or by a private-sector interest or public organization that coordinates and implements efforts toward clear objectives. Among the activities are individual activities to reduce emissions.
※In addition to project-based approaches, good practices include activities to reduce emissions based on programs and formulation of basic policies.

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